4 Temmuz — Tarihte Bugün

1941

Aktion AB

German AB-Aktion in Poland: After capturing Lwów, the Nazis executed professors of the University of Lwów along with their families.

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1918

World War I

World War I: Allied forces led by the Australian general John Monash won the Battle of Hamel, demonstrating the effectiveness of combined-arms techniques in trench warfare.

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1863

American Civil War

American Civil War: Confederate forces failed in an attempt to recapture the Union-occupied Helena, Arkansas.

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1862

River Thames

In a boat on the River Thames from Oxford to Godstow, author Lewis Carroll told Alice Liddell (pictured) and her sisters a story that later formed the basis for his book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

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1837

Grand Junction Railway

The Grand Junction Railway, the world's first long-distance railway with steam traction, opened between Birmingham and Newton Junction.

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1776

Second Continental Congress

In Philadelphia, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence (signing pictured), announcing that the thirteen American colonies were no longer a part of the British Empire.

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1643

First English Civil War

First English Civil War: Royalist forces defeated the Parliamentarians at the Battle of Burton Bridge, securing a crossing of the River Trent for a convoy of supplies travelling with Queen Henrietta Maria.

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1054

Chinese astronomy

Chinese astronomers recorded the sudden appearance of a "guest star", later identified as the supernova that created the Crab Nebula (pictured).

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414

Theodosius II

Byzantine emperor Theodosius II proclaimed his elder sister Aelia Pulcheria as Augusta.

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